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# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
from collections.abc import Callable
from collections.abc import Sequence
import os
import sys
import textwrap
from typing import Any
from typing import final
from typing import Literal
from typing import NoReturn
from .exceptions import UsageError
import _pytest._io
from _pytest.compat import NOTSET
from _pytest.deprecated import check_ispytest
FILE_OR_DIR = "file_or_dir"
@final
class Parser:
"""Parser for command line arguments and config-file values.
:ivar extra_info: Dict of generic param -> value to display in case
there's an error processing the command line arguments.
"""
def __init__(
self,
usage: str | None = None,
processopt: Callable[[Argument], None] | None = None,
*,
prog: str | None = None,
_ispytest: bool = False,
) -> None:
check_ispytest(_ispytest)
from _pytest._argcomplete import filescompleter
self._processopt = processopt
self.extra_info: dict[str, Any] = {}
self.optparser = PytestArgumentParser(usage, self.extra_info, prog=prog)
anonymous_arggroup = self.optparser.add_argument_group("Custom options")
self._anonymous = OptionGroup(
anonymous_arggroup, "_anonymous", self, _ispytest=True
)
self._groups = [self._anonymous]
# Maps option strings -> dest, e.g. "-V" and "--version" to "version".
self._opt2dest: dict[str, str] = {}
file_or_dir_arg = self.optparser.add_argument(FILE_OR_DIR, nargs="*")
file_or_dir_arg.completer = filescompleter # type: ignore
self._inidict: dict[str, tuple[str, str, Any]] = {}
# Maps alias -> canonical name.
self._ini_aliases: dict[str, str] = {}
@property
def prog(self) -> str:
return self.optparser.prog
@prog.setter
def prog(self, value: str) -> None:
self.optparser.prog = value
def processoption(self, option: Argument) -> None:
if self._processopt:
if option.dest:
self._processopt(option)
def getgroup(
self, name: str, description: str = "", after: str | None = None
) -> OptionGroup:
"""Get (or create) a named option Group.
:param name: Name of the option group.
:param description: Long description for --help output.
:param after: Name of another group, used for ordering --help output.
:returns: The option group.
The returned group object has an ``addoption`` method with the same
signature as :func:`parser.addoption <pytest.Parser.addoption>` but
will be shown in the respective group in the output of
``pytest --help``.
"""
for group in self._groups:
if group.name == name:
return group
arggroup = self.optparser.add_argument_group(description or name)
group = OptionGroup(arggroup, name, self, _ispytest=True)
i = 0
for i, grp in enumerate(self._groups):
if grp.name == after:
break
self._groups.insert(i + 1, group)
# argparse doesn't provide a way to control `--help` order, so must
# access its internals ☹.
self.optparser._action_groups.insert(i + 1, self.optparser._action_groups.pop())
return group
def addoption(self, *opts: str, **attrs: Any) -> None:
"""Register a command line option.
:param opts:
Option names, can be short or long options.
:param attrs:
Same attributes as the argparse library's :meth:`add_argument()
<argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument>` function accepts.
After command line parsing, options are available on the pytest config
object via ``config.option.NAME`` where ``NAME`` is usually set
by passing a ``dest`` attribute, for example
``addoption("--long", dest="NAME", ...)``.
"""
self._anonymous.addoption(*opts, **attrs)
def parse(
self,
args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
) -> argparse.Namespace:
"""Parse the arguments.
Unlike ``parse_known_args`` and ``parse_known_and_unknown_args``,
raises PrintHelp on `--help` and UsageError on unknown flags
:meta private:
"""
from _pytest._argcomplete import try_argcomplete
try_argcomplete(self.optparser)
strargs = [os.fspath(x) for x in args]
if namespace is None:
namespace = argparse.Namespace()
try:
namespace._raise_print_help = True
return self.optparser.parse_intermixed_args(strargs, namespace=namespace)
finally:
del namespace._raise_print_help
def parse_known_args(
self,
args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
) -> argparse.Namespace:
"""Parse the known arguments at this point.
:returns: An argparse namespace object.
"""
return self.parse_known_and_unknown_args(args, namespace=namespace)[0]
def parse_known_and_unknown_args(
self,
args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
) -> tuple[argparse.Namespace, list[str]]:
"""Parse the known arguments at this point, and also return the
remaining unknown flag arguments.
:returns:
A tuple containing an argparse namespace object for the known
arguments, and a list of unknown flag arguments.
"""
strargs = [os.fspath(x) for x in args]
if sys.version_info < (3, 12, 8) or (3, 13) <= sys.version_info < (3, 13, 1):
# Older argparse have a bugged parse_known_intermixed_args.
namespace, unknown = self.optparser.parse_known_args(strargs, namespace)
assert namespace is not None
file_or_dir = getattr(namespace, FILE_OR_DIR)
unknown_flags: list[str] = []
for arg in unknown:
(unknown_flags if arg.startswith("-") else file_or_dir).append(arg)
return namespace, unknown_flags
else:
return self.optparser.parse_known_intermixed_args(strargs, namespace)
def addini(
self,
name: str,
help: str,
type: Literal[
"string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool", "int", "float"
]
| None = None,
default: Any = NOTSET,
*,
aliases: Sequence[str] = (),
) -> None:
"""Register a configuration file option.
:param name:
Name of the configuration.
:param type:
Type of the configuration. Can be:
* ``string``: a string
* ``bool``: a boolean
* ``args``: a list of strings, separated as in a shell
* ``linelist``: a list of strings, separated by line breaks
* ``paths``: a list of :class:`pathlib.Path`, separated as in a shell
* ``pathlist``: a list of ``py.path``, separated as in a shell
* ``int``: an integer
* ``float``: a floating-point number
.. versionadded:: 8.4
The ``float`` and ``int`` types.
For ``paths`` and ``pathlist`` types, they are considered relative to the config-file.
In case the execution is happening without a config-file defined,
they will be considered relative to the current working directory (for example with ``--override-ini``).
.. versionadded:: 7.0
The ``paths`` variable type.
.. versionadded:: 8.1
Use the current working directory to resolve ``paths`` and ``pathlist`` in the absence of a config-file.
Defaults to ``string`` if ``None`` or not passed.
:param default:
Default value if no config-file option exists but is queried.
:param aliases:
Additional names by which this option can be referenced.
Aliases resolve to the canonical name.
.. versionadded:: 9.0
The ``aliases`` parameter.
The value of configuration keys can be retrieved via a call to
:py:func:`config.getini(name) <pytest.Config.getini>`.
"""
assert type in (
None,
"string",
"paths",
"pathlist",
"args",
"linelist",
"bool",
"int",
"float",
)
if type is None:
type = "string"
if default is NOTSET:
default = get_ini_default_for_type(type)
self._inidict[name] = (help, type, default)
for alias in aliases:
if alias in self._inidict:
raise ValueError(
f"alias {alias!r} conflicts with existing configuration option"
)
if (already := self._ini_aliases.get(alias)) is not None:
raise ValueError(f"{alias!r} is already an alias of {already!r}")
self._ini_aliases[alias] = name
def get_ini_default_for_type(
type: Literal[
"string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool", "int", "float"
],
) -> Any:
"""
Used by addini to get the default value for a given config option type, when
default is not supplied.
"""
if type in ("paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist"):
return []
elif type == "bool":
return False
elif type == "int":
return 0
elif type == "float":
return 0.0
else:
return ""
class Argument:
"""An option defined in an OptionGroup."""
def __init__(self, action: argparse.Action) -> None:
self._action = action
def attrs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
return self._action.__dict__
def names(self) -> Sequence[str]:
return self._action.option_strings
@property
def dest(self) -> str:
return self._action.dest
@property
def default(self) -> Any:
return self._action.default
@property
def type(self) -> Any | None:
return self._action.type
def __repr__(self) -> str:
action = getattr(self, "_action", None)
if action is None:
return "Argument(<uninitialized>)"
args: list[str] = []
args += ["opts: " + repr(self.names())]
args += ["dest: " + repr(self.dest)]
if action.type:
args += ["type: " + repr(self.type)]
args += ["default: " + repr(self.default)]
return "Argument({})".format(", ".join(args))
class OptionGroup:
"""A group of options shown in its own section."""
def __init__(
self,
arggroup: argparse._ArgumentGroup,
name: str,
parser: Parser | None,
_ispytest: bool = False,
) -> None:
check_ispytest(_ispytest)
self._arggroup = arggroup
self.name = name
self.options: list[Argument] = []
self.parser = parser
def addoption(self, *opts: str, **attrs: Any) -> None:
"""Add an option to this group.
If a shortened version of a long option is specified, it will
be suppressed in the help. ``addoption('--twowords', '--two-words')``
results in help showing ``--two-words`` only, but ``--twowords`` gets
accepted **and** the automatic destination is in ``args.twowords``.
:param opts:
Option names, can be short or long options.
Note that lower-case short options (e.g. `-x`) are reserved.
:param attrs:
Same attributes as the argparse library's :meth:`add_argument()
<argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument>` function accepts.
"""
conflict = set(opts).intersection(
name for opt in self.options for name in opt.names()
)
if conflict:
raise ValueError(f"option names {conflict} already added")
self._addoption_inner(opts, attrs, allow_reserved=False)
def _addoption(self, *opts: str, **attrs: Any) -> None:
"""Like addoption(), but also allows registering short lower case options (e.g. -x),
which are reserved for pytest core."""
self._addoption_inner(opts, attrs, allow_reserved=True)
def _addoption_inner(
self, opts: tuple[str, ...], attrs: dict[str, Any], allow_reserved: bool
) -> None:
if not allow_reserved:
for opt in opts:
if len(opt) >= 2 and opt[0] == "-" and opt[1].islower():
raise ValueError("lowercase short options are reserved")
action = self._arggroup.add_argument(*opts, **attrs)
option = Argument(action)
self.options.append(option)
if self.parser:
for name in option.names():
self.parser._opt2dest[name] = option.dest
self.parser.processoption(option)
class PytestArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
def __init__(
self,
usage: str | None,
extra_info: dict[str, str],
*,
prog: str | None = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(
usage=usage,
prog=prog,
add_help=False,
formatter_class=DropShorterLongHelpFormatter,
allow_abbrev=False,
fromfile_prefix_chars="@",
)
# extra_info is a dict of (param -> value) to display if there's
# an usage error to provide more contextual information to the user.
self.extra_info = extra_info
def error(self, message: str) -> NoReturn:
"""Transform argparse error message into UsageError."""
# TODO(py313): Replace with `exit_on_error=False`. Note that while it
# was added in Python 3.9, it was broken until 3.13 (cpython#121018).
msg = f"{self.prog}: error: {message}"
if self.extra_info:
msg += "\n" + "\n".join(
f" {k}: {v}" for k, v in sorted(self.extra_info.items())
)
raise UsageError(self.format_usage() + msg)
class DropShorterLongHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
"""Shorten help for long options that differ only in extra hyphens.
- Collapse **long** options that are the same except for extra hyphens.
- Shortcut if there are only two options and one of them is a short one.
"""
def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
# Use more accurate terminal width.
if "width" not in kwargs:
kwargs["width"] = _pytest._io.get_terminal_width()
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _format_action_invocation(self, action: argparse.Action) -> str:
orgstr = super()._format_action_invocation(action)
if orgstr and orgstr[0] != "-": # only optional arguments
return orgstr
options = orgstr.split(", ")
if len(options) == 2 and (len(options[0]) == 2 or len(options[1]) == 2):
# a shortcut for '-h, --help' or '--abc', '-a'
return orgstr
return_list = []
short_long: dict[str, str] = {}
for option in options:
if len(option) == 2 or option[2] == " ":
continue
assert option.startswith("--"), (
f'long optional argument without "--": [{option}]'
)
xxoption = option[2:]
shortened = xxoption.replace("-", "")
if shortened not in short_long or len(short_long[shortened]) < len(
xxoption
):
short_long[shortened] = xxoption
# now short_long has been filled out to the longest with dashes
# **and** we keep the right option ordering from add_argument
for option in options:
if len(option) == 2 or option[2] == " ":
return_list.append(option)
if option[2:] == short_long.get(option.replace("-", "")):
return_list.append(option.replace(" ", "=", 1))
return ", ".join(return_list)
def _split_lines(self, text: str, width: int) -> list[str]:
"""Wrap lines after splitting on original newlines.
This allows to have explicit line breaks in the help text.
"""
lines = []
for line in text.splitlines():
lines.extend(textwrap.wrap(line.strip(), width))
return lines
class OverrideIniAction(argparse.Action):
"""Custom argparse action that makes a CLI flag equivalent to overriding an
option, in addition to behaving like `store_true`.
This can simplify things since code only needs to inspect the config option
and not consider the CLI flag.
"""
def __init__(
self,
option_strings: Sequence[str],
dest: str,
nargs: int | str | None = None,
*args,
ini_option: str,
ini_value: str,
**kwargs,
) -> None:
super().__init__(option_strings, dest, 0, *args, **kwargs)
self.ini_option = ini_option
self.ini_value = ini_value
def __call__(
self,
parser: argparse.ArgumentParser,
namespace: argparse.Namespace,
*args,
**kwargs,
) -> None:
setattr(namespace, self.dest, True)
current_overrides = getattr(namespace, "override_ini", None)
if current_overrides is None:
current_overrides = []
current_overrides.append(f"{self.ini_option}={self.ini_value}")
setattr(namespace, "override_ini", current_overrides)
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import final
@final
class UsageError(Exception):
"""Error in pytest usage or invocation."""
__module__ = "pytest"
class PrintHelp(Exception):
"""Raised when pytest should print its help to skip the rest of the
argument parsing and validation."""
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Iterable
from collections.abc import Sequence
from dataclasses import dataclass
from dataclasses import KW_ONLY
import os
from pathlib import Path
import sys
from typing import Literal
from typing import TypeAlias
import iniconfig
from .exceptions import UsageError
from _pytest.outcomes import fail
from _pytest.pathlib import absolutepath
from _pytest.pathlib import commonpath
from _pytest.pathlib import safe_exists
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ConfigValue:
"""Represents a configuration value with its origin and parsing mode.
This allows tracking whether a value came from a configuration file
or from a CLI override (--override-ini), which is important for
determining precedence when dealing with ini option aliases.
The mode tracks the parsing mode/data model used for the value:
- "ini": from INI files or [tool.pytest.ini_options], where the only
supported value types are `str` or `list[str]`.
- "toml": from TOML files (not in INI mode), where native TOML types
are preserved.
"""
value: object
_: KW_ONLY
origin: Literal["file", "override"]
mode: Literal["ini", "toml"]
ConfigDict: TypeAlias = dict[str, ConfigValue]
def _parse_ini_config(path: Path) -> iniconfig.IniConfig:
"""Parse the given generic '.ini' file using legacy IniConfig parser, returning
the parsed object.
Raise UsageError if the file cannot be parsed.
"""
try:
return iniconfig.IniConfig(str(path))
except iniconfig.ParseError as exc:
raise UsageError(str(exc)) from exc
def load_config_dict_from_file(
filepath: Path,
) -> ConfigDict | None:
"""Load pytest configuration from the given file path, if supported.
Return None if the file does not contain valid pytest configuration.
"""
# Configuration from ini files are obtained from the [pytest] section, if present.
if filepath.suffix == ".ini":
iniconfig = _parse_ini_config(filepath)
if "pytest" in iniconfig:
return {
k: ConfigValue(v, origin="file", mode="ini")
for k, v in iniconfig["pytest"].items()
}
else:
# "pytest.ini" files are always the source of configuration, even if empty.
if filepath.name in {"pytest.ini", ".pytest.ini"}:
return {}
# '.cfg' files are considered if they contain a "[tool:pytest]" section.
elif filepath.suffix == ".cfg":
iniconfig = _parse_ini_config(filepath)
if "tool:pytest" in iniconfig.sections:
return {
k: ConfigValue(v, origin="file", mode="ini")
for k, v in iniconfig["tool:pytest"].items()
}
elif "pytest" in iniconfig.sections:
# If a setup.cfg contains a "[pytest]" section, we raise a failure to indicate users that
# plain "[pytest]" sections in setup.cfg files is no longer supported (#3086).
fail(CFG_PYTEST_SECTION.format(filename="setup.cfg"), pytrace=False)
# '.toml' files are considered if they contain a [tool.pytest] table (toml mode)
# or [tool.pytest.ini_options] table (ini mode) for pyproject.toml,
# or [pytest] table (toml mode) for pytest.toml/.pytest.toml.
elif filepath.suffix == ".toml":
if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
import tomllib
else:
import tomli as tomllib
toml_text = filepath.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
try:
config = tomllib.loads(toml_text)
except tomllib.TOMLDecodeError as exc:
raise UsageError(f"{filepath}: {exc}") from exc
# pytest.toml and .pytest.toml use [pytest] table directly.
if filepath.name in ("pytest.toml", ".pytest.toml"):
pytest_config = config.get("pytest", {})
if pytest_config:
# TOML mode - preserve native TOML types.
return {
k: ConfigValue(v, origin="file", mode="toml")
for k, v in pytest_config.items()
}
# "pytest.toml" files are always the source of configuration, even if empty.
return {}
# pyproject.toml uses [tool.pytest] or [tool.pytest.ini_options].
else:
tool_pytest = config.get("tool", {}).get("pytest", {})
# Check for toml mode config: [tool.pytest] with content outside of ini_options.
toml_config = {k: v for k, v in tool_pytest.items() if k != "ini_options"}
# Check for ini mode config: [tool.pytest.ini_options].
ini_config = tool_pytest.get("ini_options", None)
if toml_config and ini_config:
raise UsageError(
f"{filepath}: Cannot use both [tool.pytest] (native TOML types) and "
"[tool.pytest.ini_options] (string-based INI format) simultaneously. "
"Please use [tool.pytest] with native TOML types (recommended) "
"or [tool.pytest.ini_options] for backwards compatibility."
)
if toml_config:
# TOML mode - preserve native TOML types.
return {
k: ConfigValue(v, origin="file", mode="toml")
for k, v in toml_config.items()
}
elif ini_config is not None:
# INI mode - TOML supports richer data types than INI files, but we need to
# convert all scalar values to str for compatibility with the INI system.
def make_scalar(v: object) -> str | list[str]:
return v if isinstance(v, list) else str(v)
return {
k: ConfigValue(make_scalar(v), origin="file", mode="ini")
for k, v in ini_config.items()
}
return None
def locate_config(
invocation_dir: Path,
args: Iterable[Path],
) -> tuple[Path | None, Path | None, ConfigDict, Sequence[str]]:
"""Search in the list of arguments for a valid ini-file for pytest,
and return a tuple of (rootdir, inifile, cfg-dict, ignored-config-files), where
ignored-config-files is a list of config basenames found that contain
pytest configuration but were ignored."""
config_names = [
"pytest.toml",
".pytest.toml",
"pytest.ini",
".pytest.ini",
"pyproject.toml",
"tox.ini",
"setup.cfg",
]
args = [x for x in args if not str(x).startswith("-")]
if not args:
args = [invocation_dir]
found_pyproject_toml: Path | None = None
ignored_config_files: list[str] = []
for arg in args:
argpath = absolutepath(arg)
for base in (argpath, *argpath.parents):
for config_name in config_names:
p = base / config_name
if p.is_file():
if p.name == "pyproject.toml" and found_pyproject_toml is None:
found_pyproject_toml = p
ini_config = load_config_dict_from_file(p)
if ini_config is not None:
index = config_names.index(config_name)
for remainder in config_names[index + 1 :]:
p2 = base / remainder
if (
p2.is_file()
and load_config_dict_from_file(p2) is not None
):
ignored_config_files.append(remainder)
return base, p, ini_config, ignored_config_files
if found_pyproject_toml is not None:
return found_pyproject_toml.parent, found_pyproject_toml, {}, []
return None, None, {}, []
def get_common_ancestor(
invocation_dir: Path,
paths: Iterable[Path],
) -> Path:
common_ancestor: Path | None = None
for path in paths:
if not path.exists():
continue
if common_ancestor is None:
common_ancestor = path
else:
if common_ancestor in path.parents or path == common_ancestor:
continue
elif path in common_ancestor.parents:
common_ancestor = path
else:
shared = commonpath(path, common_ancestor)
if shared is not None:
common_ancestor = shared
if common_ancestor is None:
common_ancestor = invocation_dir
elif common_ancestor.is_file():
common_ancestor = common_ancestor.parent
return common_ancestor
def get_dirs_from_args(args: Iterable[str]) -> list[Path]:
def is_option(x: str) -> bool:
return x.startswith("-")
def get_file_part_from_node_id(x: str) -> str:
return x.split("::", maxsplit=1)[0]
def get_dir_from_path(path: Path) -> Path:
if path.is_dir():
return path
return path.parent
# These look like paths but may not exist
possible_paths = (
absolutepath(get_file_part_from_node_id(arg))
for arg in args
if not is_option(arg)
)
return [get_dir_from_path(path) for path in possible_paths if safe_exists(path)]
def parse_override_ini(override_ini: Sequence[str] | None) -> ConfigDict:
"""Parse the -o/--override-ini command line arguments and return the overrides.
:raises UsageError:
If one of the values is malformed.
"""
overrides = {}
# override_ini is a list of "ini=value" options.
# Always use the last item if multiple values are set for same ini-name,
# e.g. -o foo=bar1 -o foo=bar2 will set foo to bar2.
for ini_config in override_ini or ():
try:
key, user_ini_value = ini_config.split("=", 1)
except ValueError as e:
raise UsageError(
f"-o/--override-ini expects option=value style (got: {ini_config!r})."
) from e
else:
overrides[key] = ConfigValue(user_ini_value, origin="override", mode="ini")
return overrides
CFG_PYTEST_SECTION = "[pytest] section in {filename} files is no longer supported, change to [tool:pytest] instead."
def determine_setup(
*,
inifile: str | None,
override_ini: Sequence[str] | None,
args: Sequence[str],
rootdir_cmd_arg: str | None,
invocation_dir: Path,
) -> tuple[Path, Path | None, ConfigDict, Sequence[str]]:
"""Determine the rootdir, inifile and ini configuration values from the
command line arguments.
:param inifile:
The `--inifile` command line argument, if given.
:param override_ini:
The -o/--override-ini command line arguments, if given.
:param args:
The free command line arguments.
:param rootdir_cmd_arg:
The `--rootdir` command line argument, if given.
:param invocation_dir:
The working directory when pytest was invoked.
:raises UsageError:
"""
rootdir = None
dirs = get_dirs_from_args(args)
ignored_config_files: Sequence[str] = []
if inifile:
inipath_ = absolutepath(inifile)
inipath: Path | None = inipath_
inicfg = load_config_dict_from_file(inipath_) or {}
if rootdir_cmd_arg is None:
rootdir = inipath_.parent
else:
ancestor = get_common_ancestor(invocation_dir, dirs)
rootdir, inipath, inicfg, ignored_config_files = locate_config(
invocation_dir, [ancestor]
)
if rootdir is None and rootdir_cmd_arg is None:
for possible_rootdir in (ancestor, *ancestor.parents):
if (possible_rootdir / "setup.py").is_file():
rootdir = possible_rootdir
break
else:
if dirs != [ancestor]:
rootdir, inipath, inicfg, _ = locate_config(invocation_dir, dirs)
if rootdir is None:
rootdir = get_common_ancestor(
invocation_dir, [invocation_dir, ancestor]
)
if is_fs_root(rootdir):
rootdir = ancestor
if rootdir_cmd_arg:
rootdir = absolutepath(os.path.expandvars(rootdir_cmd_arg))
if not rootdir.is_dir():
raise UsageError(
f"Directory '{rootdir}' not found. Check your '--rootdir' option."
)
ini_overrides = parse_override_ini(override_ini)
inicfg.update(ini_overrides)
assert rootdir is not None
return rootdir, inipath, inicfg, ignored_config_files
def is_fs_root(p: Path) -> bool:
r"""
Return True if the given path is pointing to the root of the
file system ("/" on Unix and "C:\\" on Windows for example).
"""
return os.path.splitdrive(str(p))[1] == os.sep